CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
03-02-2018 14:25:15
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. Types of conditional sentences
- Type 1: Diễn tả những sự việc, điều kiện có thể xảy ra được ở hiện tại và tương lai.
(Future Real Condition)
- Type 2: Diễn tả những sự việc, điều kiện không có thật hay không thể xảy ra được ở hiện tại và tương lai.
(Present Unreal Condition).
- Type 3: Diễn tả những sự việc, điều kiện không có thật hay không thể xảy ra được ở quá khứ.
(Past Unreal Condition)
|
TYPE
|
IF – CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
|
1
|
Present: S + V1-s/es + ….
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S + will/can/may + V0 ….
|
|
2
|
Past subjunctive: S + V2-ed/were
|
S + would/could/might + V0 …..
|
|
3
|
Past perfect: S + had + V3-ed
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S + would/could/might + have + V3-ed …..
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* Note 1: Ngoài ra còn có sự kết hợp giữa câu đk loại 2 và 3 tùy theo thời của V trong các mệnh đề gốc
+ If – clause ở loại 3, Main - Clause ở loại 2
Ex: You worked too hard yesterday, so you are tired now.
à If you hadn’t worked too hard yesterday, you wouldn’t be tired now.
* Note 2: Chúng ta cũng có những mẫu câu đk không chuẩn, phụ thuộc vào thời của V trong các mệnh đề gốc
Ex: She didn’t answer the phone because she was studying.
à She would have answered the phone if she hadn’t been studying.
* Note 3: Chúng ta dùng If để chỉ khả năng có thể của V trong If – Clause.
Dùng When thay cho If để chỉ sự chắc chắn của V trong If – Clause.
Dùng Should thay cho If để chỉ sự kém chắc chắn của V trong If – Clause.
Ex: If I have free time this weekend, I will visit them. (I’m not sure if I am free or not)
When I have free time this weekend, I will visit them. (I’m surely free)
2. Habitual Conditional Sentence
- Trong câu Điều kiện loại 1, nếu Main – Clause diễn tả thói quen hoặc sự thật thì ta không dùng Simple Future mà thay vào đó ta dùng Simple Present.
Ex: Ann usually walks to school if she has enough time.
I always get up late in the morning if I have nothing to do.
3. Conditional Sentence and Command Form
- Sự kết hợp giữa câu đk và câu mệnh lệnh thường xảy ra với câu đk loại 1
If + V1-s/es + O, V + O V + O + if + S + V1-s/es + O
Command Form
Ex: If you go to the post-office, please send this letter for me.
Please send this letter for me if you go to the post-office.
4. Unless : Trừ phi, nếu …không
- Unless = If …… not
Ex: If you don’t study more, you will get bad marks.
à Unless you study more, you will get bad marks.
* Note: Khi chuyển 1 câu đk dùng If thành câu đk dùng Unless, ta cần chú ý:
+ If – Clause ở thể phủ định thì chuyển thành khẳng định. Main – Clause không biến đổi.
+ If – Clause ở thể khẳng định thì ta chỉ việc thay If = Unless, và biến đổi Main – Clause thành thể
ngược lại.
Ex: If we don’t protect the animals, they will die out. à Unless we protect the animals, they will die out.
If I have time, I will help you. à Unless I have time, I won’t help you.
5. Conditional sentences without “If” or “Unless”
- Câu điều kiện không có “If/Unless” xảy ra trong trường hợp câu điều kiện loại 1 có sử dụng should trong mệnh đề điều kiện. Có thể bỏ If/Unless đi và đảo Should lên trước S trong mệnh đề điều kiện.
Ex: If I should meet her tonight, I will invite her a cup of champagne.
à Should I meet her tonight, I will invite her a cup of champagne.
- Trường hợp này cũng xảy ra với câu điều kiện loại 2 có sử dụng Were trong mệnh đề điều kiện. Có thể bỏ If/Unless đi và đảo Were lên trước S trong mệnh đề điều kiện.
Ex: He isn’t tall, so he can’t reach the book.
à Were he taller, he could have reached the book.
* Nếu là động từ thường thì ta dùng: Were + S + to V + …..
- Trường hợp này còn xảy ra với câu điều kiện loại 3 có sử dụng Had trong mệnh đề điều kiện. Có thể bỏ If/Unless đi và đảo Had lên trước S trong mệnh đề điều kiện.
Ex: If we had hurried, we wouldn’t have missed the match.
à Had we hurried, we wouldn’t missed the match.
6. Other forms of Conditional Sentences
- Câu điều kiện cũng có thể bắt đầu bằng:
+ Provided/Providing that: Giả sử rằng
+ On condition that: Với điều kiện là
+ Suppose/Supposing that: Giả sử như
+ In case: Trong trường hợp
+ Even if: Ngay cả khi, dù cho
+ So/As long as: Miễn là
+ Only if: Chỉ khi
+ Otherwise; Nếu không
+ Or: Hoặc là
+ Without: Nếu không
+ But for: Nếu không
Ex: I will give you some money so long as you give it back.
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Conditional Sentence Exercise
Exercise 1: Rewrite these sentences with “If ……”:
1. She didn’t get up early so she was late for the meeting.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. I lost the way to come back the hotel because I hadn’t got the map of this city.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Because of the heavy rain, we came to the class late.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. She felt so tired and she couldn’t go to the cinema with us.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. My father went to work yesterday so he didn’t know what happened to me.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. The teacher’s question was so difficult that I couldn’t answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. He missed the first bus because he didn’t start earlier.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. She failed the final exam because she didn’t learn hard.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Because you don’t stop immediately, I call your teacher.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. I couldn’t phone Alice because I didn’t know her telephone number.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. I don’t know your decision so I can’t tell them.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. The weather is so hot that we can’t go out.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. She came late and she couldn’t meet him.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. Without the sun, man would live in the darkness.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Smoking makes him so weak.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. I didn’t watch TV last night because I was busy.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. Stop talking or you won’t finish the work on time.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. He had a flu because he went out in the rain last night.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Exercise 2: Find out the mistakes:
1. If you don’t try your best, you would fail the next exam.
A B C D
2. Unless you do all of the exercises given by the teacher, you won’t be punished.
A B C D
3. She had had more good marks if she had prepared the lesson carefully.
A B C D
4. If your mother bought you a dictionary, you can learn English better.
A B C D
5. If yesterday I stayed at home, I would not be tired today.
A B C D
6. Unless they come early, they would meet him at the meeting.
A B C D
7. Had you review all the lesson carefully, you would have passed the exam.
A B C D
8. Should you wanted to attend the course of English, let me know.
A B C D
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer
1. If I ……….the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.
A. have B. would have C. had had D. should have
2. I………you sooner if someone had told me you were in the hospital.
A. would have visited B. visited C. had visited D. visit
5. Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people……….the same language?
A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak
6. If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this,………this incident again.
A. I will never mention B. I never mention C. will I never mention D. I don’t mention
7. Unless you………all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you.
A. answered B. answer C. would answer D. are answering
8. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I…….….it.
A. would have never believed B. don’t believe C. hadn’t believed D. can’t believe
9. If Jake………..to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A. doesn’t agree B. didn’t agree C. hadn’t agree D. wouldn’t agree
10. When I stopped talking, Sam finished my sentence for me as though he………..my mind.
A. would read B. had read C. reads D. can read
11. I wish I…….….you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
A. can lend B. would lend C. could lend D. will lend
12. If someone ……..…in to the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”
A. comes B. came C. would come D. could come
13. “Here’s my phone number”. “Thanks. I’ll give you a call if I ………….some help tomorrow”
A. will need B. need C. would need D. needed
14. The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions…………improved.
A. was B. is C. were D. had been
15. The education in Japan…….…..if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration.
A. would go down B. would have gone down C. went down D. had gone down
16. If there………., the rice fields could have been more productive.
A. had been enough water B. were enough water C. would be enough water D. are enough water
17. If she……..…..him, she would be very happy.
A. would meet B. will meet C. is meeting D. could meet
18. If he…………..a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post.
A. had had B. had C. has D. has had
19. If I had enough money, I………..…abroad to improve my English.
A. will go B. would go C. should go D. should have gone
20. The bench would collapse if they……………on it.
A. stood B. stand C. standing D. stands
21. If it…………convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight,
A. be B. is C. was D. were
22. If you………..…time, please write to me.
A. have B. had C. have had D. has
23. I shouldn’t go there at night if I…………..you.
A. am B. was C. be D. were
24. If I……….….get a pole, I will go fishing.
A. can B. could C. may D. might
25. If you had the chance, ………..….you go fishing?
A. did B. may C. would D. do
26. If you ………....a choice, which country would you visit?
A. have B. had C. have had D. will have
27. Trees won’t grow…………….there is enough water.
A. if B. when C. unless D. as
28. …………….she agreed, you would have done it.
A. if B. had C. should D. would
29. If he hadn’t wasted too much time, he ……….…in his examination.
A. would fail B. wouldn’t fail C. wouldn’t have failed D. won’t fail
30. If I had taken that English course, I……….….much progress.
A. had made B. would have made C. made D. would make
31. If I were in your place, I………...a trip to England.
A. will make B. had made C. would make D. made
32. If you inherited a million pounds, what……….….with the money?
A. are you going to do B. will you do C. would you do D. do you do
33. If you…………...as I told you, you……….….in such predicament now.
A. did/would not be B. had done/had not been C. had done /would not be D. do/would not be
34. Come and work for my company if you……….….better to do.
A. have nothing B. will have nothing C. had something D. had nothing
35. If you had done as I told you, I think you……….…….
A. would succeed B. would have succeeded C. could succeed D. had succeeded
36. If he had got half a mark more, he ……………in the exam.
A. wouldn’t fail B. wouldn’t have failed C. won’t fail D. won’t be failing
37. If it………….… tomorrow, we may postpone going.
A. rains B. will rain C. shall rain D. raining
38. If you hadn’t watched that late movie last night, you……….…sleepy now.
A. wouldn’t have been B. wouldn’t have been being C. would have not been D. might not be
39. If you ……….….as I told you, you ………….sorry now.
A. did/would not be B. had done/had not been C. had done/would not be D. do/would not be
40. “Are you thinking about going to the Bahama for the holidays?”. “No, but if I…….…the time, I’d definitely go”.
A. have B. had C. have had D. would have
41. “It’s really raining”. “Yes. If the weather……..……, we’ll have to camp somewhere else”.
A. would get worse B. might get worse C. gets worse D. should get worse
42. “Why did you only send twenty dollars in the mail?”. “If I had had more money, I…………..given you more.”
A. will have B. would have C. would D. have
43. “My boss made me work overtime again”. “If I were you, I…………..….my job”.
A. would quit B. will quit C. must quit D. quit
44. “Remember the day I drove you to the airport?”. “If you hadn’t ………..…me, I would have been late”.
A. take B. taking C. took D. taken
45. “Sally finally got here from Chicago”. “If she had come earlier, we………….…taken her to the play”.
A. would be B. would have C. have had D. would had
46. “I don’t know whether to take that mathematics course or not”. “If ………………you, I’d take it”.
A. I am B. I will be C. I had been you D. I were
47. “Did you need help with your math last night?”. “If I had, I…………..…you”.
A. would call B. called C. would have called D. will call
Exercise 4: Rewrite the sentences, beginning with “Unless”
1. If you are not careful, you will cut yourself with the sharp knife.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. I’ll not be able to do any work if I do not have a quiet room.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. If she does not hurry, she’ll be late.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. If we had more rain, our crops would be better.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. The crops would he been ruined of the flood had risen higher.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. If you had not sneezed, he wouldn’t have known that we were there.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. If she did her hair differently, she would look quite nice.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. If Alex had played for our team, we would not have lost the game.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. If I won a big prize in lottery, I’d give up my job.
Exercise 5: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.
1. What will happen if my parachute (not open)…………………………………?
2. If she (need) …………………………………a radio, she can borrow mine.
3. What you (do) …………………………………when you come to the party tonight?
4. If anyone attacked me, my dog (jump) ………………………………… at his throat.
5. If I lend you 10 dollars, when you (repay) ………………………………… me?
6. Unless you are more careful, you (have) …………………………………an accident.
7. Ice (turn) …………………………………to water if you heat it.
8. Unless I have a quiet room, I (not be able) …………………………………to do any work.
9. He'll be late for the train if he (not go) …………………………………at once.
10. Tell him to phone me if you (see) …………………………………him.
11. If he were in, he (answer) …………………………………the phone.
12. If he worked more slowly he (not make) …………………………………so many mistakes
13. If you (arrive) …………………………………ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.
14. If I (realize) …………………………………what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you.
15. If I (be) ………………………………… you, I would look for another job.
16. The plants will die unless you (water) …………………………………them everyday.
17. Dial 113 if you (want) ………………………………… to call the police.
18. I’d take the lift if I (be) ………………………………… the man.
19. Unless we (preserve) ………………………………… natural resources, the planet will be in danger.
20. Susan wouldn’t have felt cold if she (eat) …………………………………so many ice-creams.
21. If I see him, I (give) ……………………………… him a gift.
22. If I had a typewriter, I (type) …………………………….. the report myself.
23. If I had known that you were in hospital, I (visit) …………………………………………… you.
24. He could get the job easily if he (have) …………………………………… a degree.
25. I shouldn’t have believed it if I (not/see) …………………………………… with my own eyes.
26. If he (study) ……………………………….. hard, he can pass the exam.
27. If she had asked you, ……………………. you (accept) …………………….?
28. Rice plants (grow) …………………………. well if there is enough rain.
29. He might get fat if he (stop) ……………………………….. smoking.
30. What ………………… you (do) …………………… if you found a burglar in your house?
Exercise 6: Rewrite the following sentences into conditional ones beginning with the given words:
1. As he is often absent from class, he can’t keep pace with her classmates. (If he……..)
2. You didn’t do as I advised you, so you failed. (If you ….)
3. Be careful, or you make a wrong decision. (If you ………..)
4. He decided to leave because you didn’t believe in his talent. (If you ………)
5. Today is very cold, so we couldn’t go swimming. (If today ……….)
6. I didn’t attend the lecture so I couldn’t do the test. (If I …………)
7. I give back the book because I don’t bring enough money . (If I ………….)
8. Don’t make noise or you’ll wake up the baby. (If you ………)
9. Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson. (If you………)
10. We missed the bus because we got up late. (Had we…….)
11. If you don’t invite her, I’m sure she won’t come. (Unless you ….)
12. I couldn’t get a higher mark because I didn’t have enough time. (If I ……….)
13. She didn’t wear the raincoat so she got a cold. (If she ………..)
14. John caught the rain yesterday, so he is ill today. (If he ………)
15. Work harder if you don’t want to lose your job. (Unless……)
16. If you don’t go away, I will phone the police. (Unless …….)
17. I couldn’t help you because you didn’t tell me about your problem. (I could …….)
18. I didn’t have enough money, so I couldn’t buy the novel. (Had I ……..)
19. My father isn’t here, therefore he can’t give us some advice. (If my father ……)
20. I think you should stop smoking. (If I ………….)
21. If you don’t work harder, you will be sacked (Unless.. …)
22. He was driving very fast because he didn’t know the road was bad. (If he ……….)
23. You shouldn’t drink that wine. (If I ……….)
24. You didn’t have breakfast this morning, that’s why you are hungry now. (If you .......)
25. We have no money left because we spent too much last month. (If we........)
26. They aren’t strong enough, so they can’t lift the table. (Were they…..)
27. They missed the turn because they were talking. (If they ……….)
28. He was sleeping, so he couldn’t hear the knock at the front door. (If he ……….)
29. As the professor was speaking too fast, I couldn’t understand everything. (If the professor…….)
30. Our crops couldn’t grow if we didn’t have more rain. (Unless …..)
Exercise 7: Rewrite the sentences, beginning with “Unless”
1. If you are not careful, you will cut yourself with the sharp knife.
2. If you do not like this one, I’ll bring you another.
3. I’ll not be able to do any work if I do not have a quiet room.
4. If she does not hurry, she’ll be late.
5. If we had more rain, our crops would be better.
6. The crops would he been ruined if the flood had risen higher.
7. If you had not sneezed, he wouldn’t have known that we were there.
8. If she did her hair differently, she would look quite nice.
9. If Alex had played for our team, we would not have lost the game.
10. If I won a big prize in lottery, I’d give up my job.
Exercise 8: Rewrite the sentences without conjunctions.
1. If I were you, I would accept the job.
2. If you had told me that he never paid his debts, I wouldn’t have lent him the money.
3. If he had know your telephone number, he would have rung you.
4. If the weather were nice, I would go for a walk.
5. I would come to her wedding if I were invited.
6. Would you visit me if I were sent to prison?
7. Would you have written to her if you had known her address?
8. What would you do if today were a holiday?
9. If they had asked me, I would have helped them.
10. Scientists think that men could live on the moon if there were air and water on it.
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